Resources

Publications

The JSL foundation at the University of Pittsburgh as archived 164 of Jonas Salk and his lab team's original work. 71 of these documents cataloging the vaccination process for polio and influenza can be found here, free for public use.

If you are interested in seeing more, contact jonassalklegacy@pitt.edu

Jump to a section with chronology links below, or >>Jump to Books

Chronology

Influenza|1940-46

Polio|1947-50

Polio & Pgh|1950-54

Polio Pioneer|1954-55

Polio & the Nation|1955-59

Beyond Polio|1980

1940-1946: Influenza

Francis, T., Pearson, H. E., Salk, J. E., & Brown, P. N. (1944). Immunity in Human Subjects Artificially Infected with Influenza Virus, Type B. Am J Public Health Nations Health, 34(4), 317-334. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.34.4.317
Francis, T., Jr., & Salk, J. E. (1942). A Simplified Procedure for the Concentration and Purification of Influenza Virus. Science, 96(2500), 499-500. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.96.2500.499 
Francis, T., Jr., Salk, J. E., & Brace, W. M. (1946). The protective effect of vaccination against epidemic influenza B. J Am Med Assoc, 131, 275-278. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1946.02870210011003 
Francis, T., Salk, J. E., Pearson, H. E., & Brown, P. N. (1945). Protective Effect of Vaccination against Induced Influenza A. J Clin Invest, 24(4), 536-546. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI101633 
Salk, J. E. (1945). The Immunizing Effect of Calcium Phosphate Adsorbed Influenza Virus. Science, 101(2614), 122-124. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.101.2614.122 
Salk, J. E. (1946). Effect of formalin in increasing heat stability of influenza virus hemagglutinin. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 63(1), 140-143. https://doi.org/10.3181/00379727-63-15525 
Salk, J. E. (1946). Influenza in Europe during the winter of 1945-46. J Bacteriol, 51, 632. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21064748 
Salk, J. E. (1946). Request for Reprints on Virus Diseases. Science, 104(2691), 86-87. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.104.2691.86-b 
Salk, J. E. (1946). Variation in influenza viruses; a study of heat stability of the red cell agglutinating factor. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 63(1), 134-139. https://doi.org/10.3181/00379727-63-15524 
Salk, J. E., Lavin, G. I., & Francis, T. (1940). The Antigenic Potency of Epidemic Influenza Virus Following Inactivation by Ultraviolet Radiation. J Exp Med, 72(6), 729-745. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.72.6.729 
Salk, J. E., Pearson, H. E., Brown, P. N., & Francis, T. (1945). Protective Effect of Vaccination against Induced Influenza B. J Clin Invest, 24(4), 547-553. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI101634 
Salk, J. E., Pearson, H. E., & et al. (1945). Immunization against influenza with observations during an epidemic of influenza A one year after vaccination. Am J Hyg, 42, 307-322. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a119045

1947 – 1950: Polio

Blaskovic, D., & Salk, J. E. (1947). A method applicable to the standardization of influenza virus vaccines. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 65(2), 352-359. https://doi.org/10.3181/00379727-65-15958 
Francis, T., Salk, J. E., & Quilligan, J. J. (1947). Experience with Vaccination Against Influenza in the Spring of 1947: A Preliminary Report. Am J Public Health Nations Health, 37(8), 1013-1016. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.37.8.1013 
Salk, J. E. (1947). The control of influenza by immunization. Miss Valley Med J, 69(4), 166-172. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20265288 
Salk, J. E. (1947). The control of influenza by immunization. J Lancet, 67(1), 18-23. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20279955 
Salk, J. E. (1947). Studies on the antigenicity, in man, of calcium phosphate adsorbed influenza virus; with comments on the question of dose of virus needed in vaccines for human use. J Immunol, 57(4), 301-321. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20272338 
Salk, J. E. (1948). A Plastic Plate for Use in Tests Involving Virus Hemagglutination and Other Similar Reactions. Science, 108(2818), 749. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.108.2818.749 
Salk, J. E. (1948). Reactions to concentrated influenza virus vaccines. J Immunol, 58(4), 369-395. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18864082 
Salk, J. E. (1949). Viral and rickettsial infections of the lung; comments on the problem of specific therapy. Pa Med J, 52(15), 1650-1652. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15397745 
Salk, J. E., & Suriano, P. C. (1949). Importance of antigenic composition of influenza virus vaccine in protecting against the natural disease; observations during the winter of 1947-1948. Am J Public Health Nations Health, 39(3), 345-355. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.39.3.345 
Youngner, J. S., Ward, E. N., & Salk, J. E. (1950). Effect of 5-amino-7-hydroxy-1 H-v-triazolo (d) pyrimidine on growth and development of the chick embryo. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 75(1), 157-161. https://doi.org/10.3181/00379727-75-18130

1950-1954: Polio & Pittsburgh

Bennett, B. L., & Salk, J. E. (1951). Immunologic comparison of different laboratory lines of the Lansing strain of poliomyelitis virus. J Immunol, 66(2), 277-282. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14814307 
Salk, J. E. (1951). A critique of serologic methods for the study of influenza viruses. Arch Gesamte Virusforsch, 4(4), 476-484. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01241167 
Salk, J. E. (1952). [Immunological classification of poliomyelitis viruses]. Rev Asoc Medica Mex, 32(654), 283-288. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14956421 (Clasificacion inmunologica de l los virus de la poliomielitis.)
Salk, J. E. (1952). An interpretation of the significance of influenza virus variation for the development of an effective vaccine. Bull N Y Acad Med, 28(11), 748-765. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12987937
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1877218/pdf/bullnyacadmed0…;
Salk, J. E. (1953). Immunization against poliomyelitis. Pediatr Clin North Am, 1(1A), 49-51. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13088163 
Salk, J. E. (1953). Principles of immunization as applied to poliomyelitis and influenza. Am J Public Health Nations Health, 43(11), 1384-1398. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.43.11.1384 
Salk, J. E. (1953). Recent studies on immunization against poliomyelitis. Pediatrics, 12(5), 471-482. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13111847 
Salk, J. E. (1953). Studies in human subjects on active immunization against poliomyelitis. I. A preliminary report of experiments in progress. J Am Med Assoc, 151(13), 1081-1098. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13034436 
Salk, J. E. (1954). Study of non-pathogenic poliomyelitis vaccines. Minerva Med, 45(97), 1502-1503. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13235509 (Studi sui vaccini apatogeni della poliomielite.)
Salk, J. E., Bailey, M. L., & Laurent, A. M. (1952). The use of adjuvants in studies on influenza immunization. II. Increased antibody formation in human subjects inoculated with influenza virus vaccine in a water in-oil emulsion. Am J Hyg, 55(3), 439-456. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a119534 
Salk, J. E., Bazeley, P. L., Bennett, B. L., Krech, U., Lewis, L. J., Ward, E. N., & Youngner, J. S. (1954). Studies in human subjects on active immunization against poliomyelitis. II. A practical means for inducing and maintaining antibody formation. Am J Public Health Nations Health, 44(8), 994-1009. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.44.8.994 
Salk, J. E., & Bennett, B. L. (1951). Evidence for dissociation of titer of infectious and antigenic activity in a preparation of the Lansing strain of poliomyelitis virus. J Immunol, 66(2), 283-286. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14814308 
Salk, J. E., Bennett, B. L., Lewis, L. J., & Youngner, J. S. (1951). Immunologic classification of poliomyelitis viruses. III. Results obtained with the method of neutralization with prototype antisera. A. Preparation of antiserum pools. Am J Hyg, 54(2), 216-229. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a119479 
Salk, J. E., Contakos, M., Laurent, A. M., Sorensen, M., Rapalski, A. J., Simmons, I. H., & Sandberg, H. (1953). Use of adjuvants in studies on influenza immunization. III. Degree of persistence of antibody in human subjects two years after vaccination. J Am Med Assoc, 151(14), 1169-1175. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1953.02940140013005 
Salk, J. E., Krech, U., Youngner, J. S., Bennett, B. L., Lewis, L. J., & Bazeley, P. L. (1954). Formaldehyde treatment and safety testing of experimental poliomyelitis vaccines. Am J Public Health Nations Health, 44(5), 563-570. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.44.5.563 
Salk, J. E., & Laurent, A. M. (1952). The use of adjuvants in studies on influenza immunization. I. Measurements in monkeys of the dimensions of antigenicity of virus-mineral oil emulsions. J Exp Med, 95(5), 429-447. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.95.5.429 
Salk, J. E., Laurent, A. M., & Bailey, M. L. (1951). Direction of research on vaccination against influenza; new studies with immunologic adjuvants. Am J Public Health Nations Health, 41(6), 669-677. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.41.6.669 
Salk, J. E., Lewis, L. J., Bennett, B. L., & Youngner, J. S. (1951). Immunologic classification of poliomyelitis viruses. III. Results obtained with the method of neutralization by prototype antisera. B. Studies from the University of Pittsburgh on twenty-three strains. Am J Hyg, 54(2), 230-242. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a119480 
Salk, J. E., Lewis, L. J., Youngner, J. S., & Bennett, B. L. (1951). The use of adjuvants to facilitate studies on the immunologic classification of poliomyelitis viruses. Am J Hyg, 54(2), 157-173. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a119474 
Salk, J. E., Youngner, J. S., Lewis, L. J., & Bennett, B. L. (1951). Immunologic classification of poliomyelitis viruses. IV. Results of typing by neutralization of prototype viruses with antiserum produced by vaccinating monkeys with unknown strain and an adjuvant. Am J Hyg, 54(2), 255-267. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a119483 
Salk, J. E., Youngner, J. S., & Ward, E. N. (1954). Use of color change of phenol red as the indicator in titrating poliomyelitis virus or its antibody in a tissue-culture system. Am J Hyg, 60(2), 214-230. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a119714 
Youngner, J. S., Lewis, L. J., Ward, E. N., & Salk, J. E. (1952). Studies of poliomyelitis viruses in cultures of monkey testicular tissue. III. Isolation and immunologic identification of poliomyelitis viruses from fecal specimens by means of roller tube cultures. Am J Hyg, 55(3), 347-356. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14933375 
Youngner, J. S., Ward, E. N., & Salk, J. E. (1952). Studies on poliomyelitis viruses in cultures of monkey testicular tissue. I. Propagation of virus in roller tubes. Am J Hyg, 55(2), 291-300. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a119522 
Youngner, J. S., Ward, E. N., & Salk, J. E. (1952). Studies on poliomyelitis viruses in cultures of monkey testicular tissue. II. Differences among strains in tissue culture infectivity with preliminary data on the quantitative estimation of virus and antibody. Am J Hyg, 55(2), 301-322. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1490278

1954-1955: Polio Pioneer

Bodian, D., Francis, T., Jr., Larson, C., Salk, J. E., Shope, R. E., Smadel, J. E., & Shannon, J. A. (1955). Interim report, Public Health Service Technical Committee on Poliomyelitis Vaccine. J Am Med Assoc, 159(15), 1444-1447. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1955.02960320020007 
Neva, F. A., & Salk, J. E. (1955). Serial urinary Addis counts in patients inoculated repeatedly with poliomyelitis vaccine prepared from monkey kidney tissue cultures. J Lab Clin Med, 46(1), 21-27. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14392396 
Salk, J. E. (1954). Study of non-pathogenic poliomyelitis vaccines. Minerva Med, 45(97), 1502-1503. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13235509 (Studi sui vaccini apatogeni della poliomielite.)
Salk, J. E. (1955). A concept of the mechanism of immunity for preventing paralysis in poliomyelitis. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 61(4), 1023-1036; discussion, 1036-1028. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1955.tb42563.x 
Salk, J. E. (1955). Considerations in the preparation and use of poliomyelitis virus vaccine. J Am Med Assoc, 158(14), 1239-1248. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1955.02960140001001 
Salk, J. E. (1955). Poliomyelitis vaccination; practicalities for the practicing physician. Pa Med J, 58(12), 1321-1324. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13280320 
Salk, J. E. (1955). Present status of the problem of vaccination against poliomyelitis. Res Publ Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis, 34, 25-43. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13408544 
Salk, J. E. (1955). Present status of the problem of vaccination against poliomyelitis. Am J Public Health Nations Health, 45(3), 285-297. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.45.3.285 
Salk, J. E. (1955). Vaccination against paralytic poliomyelitis performance and prospects. Am J Public Health Nations Health, 45(5 Pt 1), 575-596. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.45.5_pt_1.575 
Salk, J. E., Bazeley, P. L., Bennett, B. L., Krech, U., Lewis, L. J., Ward, E. N., & Youngner, J. S. (1954). Studies in human subjects on active immunization against poliomyelitis. II. A practical means for inducing and maintaining antibody formation. Am J Public Health Nations Health, 44(8), 994-1009. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.44.8.994 
Salk, J. E., Krech, U., Youngner, J. S., Bennett, B. L., Lewis, L. J., & Bazeley, P. L. (1954). Formaldehyde treatment and safety testing of experimental poliomyelitis vaccines. Am J Public Health Nations Health, 44(5), 563-570. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.44.5.563 
Salk, J. E., Youngner, J. S., & Ward, E. N. (1954). Use of color change of phenol red as the indicator in titrating poliomyelitis virus or its antibody in a tissue-culture system. Am J Hyg, 60(2), 214-230. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a119714

1955-1959: Polio & The Nation

Salk, J. E. (1956). Antigenic potency of poliomyelitis vaccine; influence on degree and duration of vaccine effect. J Am Med Assoc, 162(16), 1451-1459. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1956.02970330023006 
Salk, J. E. (1956). [The polio vaccination]. Rev Med Cordoba, 44, 189-193. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13359833 (La vacunacion antipoliomielitica.)
Salk, J. E. (1956). [The polio vaccination]. Dia Med, 28(31), 774-778. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13330574 (La vacunacion antipoliomielitica.)
Salk, J. E. (1956). Requirements for persistent immunity to poliomyelitis. Am J Med Sci, 232(4), 369-377. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000441-195610000-00001 
Salk, J. E. (1956). Requirements for persistent immunity to poliomyelitis. Trans Assoc Am Physicians, 69, 105-115. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13380952 
Salk, J. E. (1957). Poliomyelitis vaccination in the fall of 1956. Am J Public Health Nations Health, 47(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.47.1.1 
Salk, J. E. (1959). Vaccination against poliomyelitis: an ounce of prevention. R Soc Health J, 79, 310-322. https://doi.org/10.1177/146642405907900405 
Salk, J. E., Lewis, L. J., Bennett, B. L., Ward, E. N., Krech, U., Younger, J. S., & Bazeley, P. L. (1955). Antigenic activity of poliomyelitis vaccines undergoing field test. Am J Public Health Nations Health, 45(2), 151-162. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.45.2.151 
Salk, J. E., & Rapalski, A. J. (1958). Evaluation of influenza vaccine in an explosive epidemic of mixed etiology. U S Armed Forces Med J, 9(4), 469-478. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13543964 
Youngner, J. S., & Salk, J. E. (1956). Antibody titer for seven different type 1 strains of poliomyelitis virus in children vaccinated with the Mahoney strain. Am J Hyg, 63(2), 198-203. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a119803

1980’s: Beyond Polio

Salk, J. E. (1984). Landmark Article - Considerations in the Preparation and Use of Poliomyelitis Virus-Vaccine (Reprinted). Jama-Journal of the American Medical Association, 251(20), 2700-2709. <Go to ISI>://WOS:A1984SS42500030 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/392963
Salk, J. E. (1988). The Logic of the Magic of Vaccination. Allergy Proceedings, 9(6), 689-692. https://doi.org/Doi 10.2500/108854188778965429

Books Affiliated with Jonas Salk

Carter, R. (January 1, 1966). Breakthrough: The Saga of Jonas Salk. Trident Press.
Hopkinson, D. (September 5, 2023). Dr. Jonas Salk: A Little Golden Book Biography. Golden Books.
Hudson, B. (June 12, 2024). Jonas Salk Biography for Curious Kids: Conqueror of Polio (Inspiring Stories for Curious Minds). Little Big Giant.
Jacobs, C. D. (December 1, 2017). Jonas Salk: A Life. Oxford University Press.
Jonas Salk, J. S. (January 1, 1973). The Survival of the Wisest. Harper & Row
Jonas Salk, J. S. (January 1, 1981). World Population and Human Values: A New Reality. January 1, 1981.
Jonas Salk, J. S. (June 26, 2018). A New Reality
Jonas Salk, R. N. A. (January 1, 1993). Anatomy of Reality: Merging of Intuition and Reason.
Kluger, J. (January 27, 2005). Splendid Solution: Jonas Salk and The Conquest of Polio Berkley.
Llanas, S. (August 1, 2013). Jonas Salk: Medical Innovator and Polio Vaccine Developer (Essential Lives). Abdo Group.
Marshall, L. E. (August 18, 2020). The Polio Pioneer: Dr. Jonas Salk and the Polio Vaccine. Knopf Books for Young Readers.
McPherson, S. S. (January 1, 2001). Jonas Salk: Conquering Polio Lerner Pub Group.
Milgrom, K. K. A. (January 31, 2007). Jonas Salk and the Polio Vaccine (Inventions and Discovery). Capstone Press.
Oshinsky, D. M. (September 1, 2006). Polio: An American Story. Oxford University Press.
Prism, R. (November 11, 2024). Jonas Salk: The Battle Against Polio (Reading for Fun and Comprehension). Rhythm Prism LLC.
Rowland, J. (1960). The Polio Man: The Story of Dr. Salk. Roy Publisher.
Rowland, J. (January 2, 2017). How Jonas Salk Found a Cure for Polio. A.J. Cornell Publications.
Tocci, S. (January 1, 2003). Jonas Salk: Creator of the Polio Vaccine (Great Minds of Science). Enslow Pub Inc.

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